this

The (thing) here (used in indicating something or someone nearby).

This classroom is where I learned to read and write.

Right, boys, as much fun as this night has been, this girl is tired, so I'm gonna hit the hay.

The (thing) here (used in indicating something or someone nearby).

Hey, you know what's got two thumbs and really likes brownies? This guy!

I am no longer your little naïve toy. I am a woman. All woman. And this woman is tired of your crap.

The known (thing) (used in indicating something or someone just mentioned).

They give the appearance of knowing what they're doing. It's this appearance that lets them get away with so much.

The known (thing) (used in indicating something or someone about to be mentioned).

When asked what he wanted for his birthday, he gave this reply: “[…]”

A known (thing) (used in first mentioning a person or thing that the speaker does not think is known to the audience). Compare with "a certain ...".

I met this woman the other day who's allergic to wheat. I didn't even know that was possible!

There's just this nervous mannerism that Bob has with his hands, and it drives me crazy.

To the degree or extent indicated.

I need this much water.

Do we need this many recommendations?

The thing, item, etc. being indicated.

This isn't the item that I ordered.

This is the excellent foppery of the world, that, when we are sick in fortune,—often the surfeit of our own behaviour,—we make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars[…]